**Squarer Circuit Output Voltage Calculation**
Given:
- Input voltage (Vin) = 3.5V
- Reference voltage (Vref) = 9.67V
**Squarer Circuit Operation:**
A squarer circuit is an analog multiplier circuit that produces an output voltage proportional to the square of the input voltage. It's also known as a multiplication circuit where both inputs are the same signal.
**Basic Formula for Squarer Circuit:**
Vout = (Vin²/Vref) × K
Where K is the scale factor (typically 1 or 10 depending on circuit design).
**For This Problem:**
The squarer circuit follows the relationship:
Vout = (Vin² / Vref)
Substituting the given values:
Vout = (3.5)² / 9.67
Vout = 12.25 / 9.67
Vout = 1.267V ≈ 1.27V
**Correct Answer: (b) 1.27V**
**Detailed Explanation:**
1. **Input Voltage Squared**: The input voltage of 3.5V is squared to get 12.25V²
2. **Reference Voltage**: The reference voltage of 9.67V acts as the divisor, which scales the output to a reasonable range
3. **Output Calculation**: Dividing 12.25 by 9.67 gives approximately 1.27V
4. **Practical Applications**:
- Power measurement (P = V²/R)
- Root mean square (RMS) value measurement
- Signal processing and measurement instrumentation
- AC to DC conversion
**Circuit Configuration:**
A typical squarer circuit uses:
- An analog multiplier IC (like AD633)
- Two input terminals connected together (for squaring function)
- One output terminal providing the squared function
- Reference voltage input for scaling
**Why This Answer:**
Among the given options:
- (a) 2.86V - This doesn't match our calculation
- (b) 1.27V - This is the correct answer ✓
- (c) 10V - This would be the saturated output
- (d) 4.3V - This doesn't match our calculation
Therefore, the output voltage of the squarer circuit is **1.27V**.