Correct answer is (a) Retention time
The explanation: A temperature drop allows reduction in nitrification and removal of BOD, so, Compensation for lower temperatures can be achieved by reducing hydraulic and organic loading rates thereby increasing the retention time, more is the retention time, more will be the waste available for degradation hence, increasing the efficiency of waste water treatment, mixing, aeration and sparging doesn’t help with lowering the temperature or compensating with the temperature drop.