The correct answer to this question is:
(c) Internally integrated Capacitor
Explanation:
Capacitors play a key role in affecting the frequency response of operational amplifiers (op-amps) and are commonly used in internal compensation networks for controlling gain and phase shift.
Capacitors in the feedback network or internal circuitry can affect the phase shift and the frequency response by introducing reactive impedance that changes with frequency. This results in both gain and phase shift variations.
Internally integrated resistors and inductors generally don't have as significant an impact on phase shift and gain over a range of frequencies. Resistors are typically passive components, and while they can influence the overall gain, they do not inherently contribute to phase shifts in the same way capacitors do. Inductors, though they can have frequency-dependent characteristics, are not typically integrated within most op-amps due to their practical limitations at high frequencies.
Capacitors, on the other hand, are used for compensation (like in the 741 op-amp) to ensure the frequency response remains stable, especially at high frequencies, and to limit the phase shift that could lead to instability.
In most practical op-amps, frequency compensation is achieved by integrating capacitors within the internal circuit to control high-frequency behavior, making capacitors the primary component for introducing gain changes and phase shifts.