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The permanent hardness in water is due to the presence of __________

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in Environmental Engineering by (81.4k points)
The permanent hardness in water is due to the presence of __________

(a) Sulfates, Chlorides

(b) Sulfates, chlorides, nitrates

(c) Carbonates and bicarbonates

(d) Sulfates and carbonates

I had been asked this question in exam.

My query is from Types of Hardness and Method of their Removal in portion Water Softening of Environmental Engineering

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The correct answer is (b) Sulfates, chlorides, nitrates

To explain: The permanent hardness is due to the presence of sulfates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium in water.

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